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coffee 101
June 18, 2008
Coffee is a widely-consumed stimulant beverage prepared from roasted seeds, commonly called coffee beans, of the coffee plant. Coffee was first consumed in the 9th century, when it was discovered in the highlands of Ethiopia. From there, it spread to Egypt and Yemen, and by the 15th century had reached Armenia, Persia, Turkey, and northern Africa. From the Muslim world, coffee spread to Italy, then to the rest of Europe and the
Coffee berries, which contain the coffee bean, are produced by several species of small evergreen bush of the genus Coffea. The two most commonly grown species are Coffea canephora (also known as Coffea robusta) and Coffea arabica. These are cultivated in Latin America, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Once ripe, coffee berries are picked, processed, and dried. The seeds are then roasted, undergoing several physical and chemical changes. They are roasted to varying degrees, depending on the desired flavor. They are then ground and brewed to create coffee. Coffee can be prepared and presented by a variety of methods.
Coffee has played an important role in many societies throughout modern history. In Africa and
Coffee is an important export commodity. In 2004, coffee was the top agricultural export for 12 countries, and in 2005, it was the world’s seventh largest legal agricultural export by value.
Some controversy is associated with coffee cultivation and its impact on the environment. Many studies have examined the relationship between coffee consumption and certain medical conditions; whether the effects of coffee are positive or negative is still disputed
The English word coffee first came to be used in the early- to mid-1600s, but early forms of the word date to the last decade of the 1500s. It comes from the Italian caffè. The term was introduced to
Coffee use can be traced at least to as early as the 9th century, when it appeared in the highlands of Ethiopia. According to legend, Ethiopian shepherds were the first to observe the influence of the caffeine in coffee beans when the goats appeared to "dance" and to have an increased level of energy after consuming wild coffee berries. The legend names the shepherd "Kaldi." From
In 1583, Leonhard Rauwolf, a German physician, gave this description of coffee after returning from a ten year trip to the Near East: “A beverage as black as ink, useful against numerous illnesses, particularly those of the stomach. Its consumers take it in the morning, quite frankly, in a porcelain cup that is passed around and from which each one drinks a cupful. It is composed of water and the fruit from a bush called bunnu.”
From the Muslim world, coffee spread to
BLS
June 16, 2008
Basic Life Support consists of a number of life-saving techniques focused on the "ABC"s of pre-hospital emergency care: (1)Airway: the protection and maintenance of patient airway including the use of airway adjuncts such as an oral or nasal airway (2)Breathing: the actual flow of air through respiration, natural or artificial respiration, often assisted by emergency oxygen (3)Circulation: the movement of blood through the beating of the heart or the emergency measure of CPR
BLS may also include considerations of patient transport such as the protection of the cervical spine and avoiding additional injuries through splinting and immobilization.
BLS generally does not include the use of drugs or invasive skills, and can be contrasted with the provision of Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS). Most laypersons can master BLS skill after attending a short course. Firefighters and police officers are often required to be BLS certified. BLS is also immensely useful for many other professions, such as daycare providers, teachers and security personnel.
CPR provided in the field buys time for higher medical responders to arrive and provide ACLS. For this reason it is essential that any person starting CPR also obtains ACLS support by calling for help via radio using agency policies and procedures and/or using an appropriate emergency telephone number.
An important advance in providing BLS is the availability of the automated external defibrillator or AED, which can be used to deliver defibrillation. This improves survival outcomes in cardiac arrest cases, sometimes dramatically.
New BLS guidelines was published by the American Heart Association in December 2005.
The term BLS is also used in some non-English speaking countries (e.g. in Italy) for the education of first responders. (1) Belgium: Aide médicale urgente ("emergency medical assistance")/ EHBO (Eerste Hulp Bij Ongelukken, "first aid") (2) France: PSE 2 (Premiers Secours en Equipe 2e niveau, Team rescue worker 2n level) = former CFAPSE (before 2007)(certificat de formation aux activités des premiers secours en équipe, "education certificate for the team first responder activity") (3)Poland: Podstawowe zabiegi resuscytacyjne (4) Germany: Erste Hilfe Schein (first aid certificate) (5)Romania: SVB (Suport Vital de Bază) (6) Netherlands: EHBO (Eerste Hulp Bij Ongelukken, "first aid"). However, these courses do not include the use of drugs or of invasive techniques, but include the management of various traumas and casualty lifting and movement.
On the other hand, BLS is one the essential knowledge that healthcare providers should have. In fact, BLS is included in our nursing curriculum. However, there are also updates and seminars that are given for us to enrich our learning.